Discover Panama’s National Tree: Sterculia apetala

Welcome to the vibrant land of Panama, a country known for its diverse ecosystems, rich culture, and remarkable history. But did you know that Panama may owe its very name to a tree?

That’s right, one theory suggests that the name “Panama” comes from an indigenous word for the national tree, Sterculia apetala. Intrigued? Keep reading to uncover the secrets of this fascinating tree and its role in Panamanian culture and ecology.

Discover Sterculia apetala, the National Tree of Panama

Sterculia apetala belongs to the genus Sterculia, classified under the mallow family Malvaceae. It is one of 150 known species of Sterculia. Often referred to as the Panama tree, it goes by other names such as camoruco, manduvi tree, or anacagüita.

Sterculia apetala is a large deciduous tree that can grow up to an impressive 164 feet (50 meters) tall. The tree’s leaves are often large and lobed, presenting a rich green hue that serves as an inviting canopy. The bark is generally grayish-brown and rather rough to the touch, providing a rugged, natural aesthetic.

The tree is known for its flowering habits, which can range from once every two years to twice in a single year, depending on its location. The flowers themselves are visually striking, typically yellow with red or maroon stripes.

After flowering, the tree produces unique fruits or seedpods that take about a year to mature. These seedpods contain seeds that are a crucial part of the diet of various local fauna, but more on that later!

One of the most unique features of the tree’s seedpods is the presence of orange stinging hairs (trichomes) inside them. These hairs are not just for show; they serve an important role in seed dispersal.

Interestingly, the name Sterculia is derived from the Latin word “stercus,” which means “excrement.” This is due to the strong odor that the flowers and leaves of the trees in this genus emit.

Where Does the Sterculia apetala Tree Grow?

Sterculia apetala is a hardy species that is well-adapted to a variety of forest habitats across Panama. This makes it a typical component in both lowland and mountainous regions of the country. Besides Panama, the tree also grows in various parts of Central and South America as well as the Caribbean islands.

In Panama, you’re likely to encounter Sterculia apetala in environments ranging from semi-humid forests to tropical rainforests. The adaptability of the tree to various types of soil and climatic conditions makes it an excellent example of the country’s biodiversity.

So, if you’re out exploring the diverse landscapes of Panama, from the bustling streets of Panama City to the tranquil trails of the Darién National Park, keep an eye out for the Sterculia apetala. It is an essential piece of Panama’s ecological and cultural puzzle.

Source: Wikimedia Commons

Sterculia apetala in the Ecosystem

Sterculia apetala plays a vital role in Panama’s ecosystem, offering more than just its towering presence.

The seeds of this tree are a critical part of the local diet for a range of wildlife. Agoutis, monkeys, squirrels, deer, and various bird species such as parrots and parakeets feast on the seeds. Interestingly, the seedpods are lined with orange stinging hairs (trichomes), which serve as a deterrent to some animals.

This natural mechanism may actually facilitate seed dispersal, as animals find these hairs sufficiently irritating to discard the seedpods before consuming all the seeds, thereby scattering the seeds across the forest floor.

Beyond its role as a food source, Sterculia apetala serves as an excellent shade tree, helping to regulate the temperature and humidity of the areas where it grows. Its deep root system also helps in soil stabilization, preventing erosion and maintaining soil fertility.

Why and When Did Sterculia apetala Become The National Tree of Panama?

Sterculia apetala was declared Panama’s national tree in 1969, emphasizing the nation’s commitment to conservation and ecological richness. The tree’s multiple uses, from its timber to traditional medicine, symbolize Panama’s diverse natural resources and cultural heritage.

There’s a fascinating tale that the name “Panama” itself may be derived from an indigenous word for this tree. Whether or not this is true, the story adds an extra layer of mystique to Sterculia apetala‘s designation as the national tree.

Over the years, the tree has also been planted in residential areas, serving both ornamental and functional purposes, as it offers excellent shade.

While Sterculia apetala enjoys widespread respect as the national tree, its economic utility, particularly its timber and oils, has led to some debates. Balancing conservation efforts with economic activities, especially in areas rich with this species, has become a matter of concern.

Additionally, its use in traditional medicine has led to discussions about the ethical sourcing and preservation of such culturally important flora.

Source: Wikimedia Commons

Where is Sterculia apetala Featured in Panama?

While the Sterculia apetala doesn’t grace the Panamanian flag or appear on banknotes, its importance is deeply felt in the cultural and ecological narratives of the country. It is commonly found in public parks and residential areas as an ornamental and shade tree, highlighting its significance beyond the forest.

Educational institutions often include the tree in their environmental studies, and it occasionally makes appearances in local literature and art that focus on Panamanian nature and culture.

Names of the Sterculia apetala Tree

Sterculia apetala is the widely accepted scientific name, classified under the mallow family Malvaceae. The tree is known by various names that reflect its wide geographic range and the diverse communities that interact with it. Here are some of the common names and synonyms:

• Panama Tree (Panama)
• Camoruco (Venezuela)
• Manduvi Tree
• Anacagüita

In Panama, indigenous communities may have their own traditional names for the tree, although I didn’t manage to find specific names in indigenous languages at the time of writing this article.

Interesting Facts About Sterculia apetala

1. The tree’s flowers are yellow with red or maroon stripes, offering a unique splash of color in the forests where they grow.
2. The seedpods have a unique defense mechanism—orange stinging hairs—that not only protect the seeds but also aid in their dispersal.
3. Sterculia apetala has been traditionally used for treating ailments such as malaria, skin conditions, and respiratory conditions.
4. Its oils are used in cosmetics, paints, soaps, and even as mechanical lubricants.
5. The tree serves as a critical food source for a variety of animals, aiding in maintaining the ecological balance.
6. Though not extensively, Sterculia apetala sometimes features in Panamanian folklore and artistic renditions, symbolizing the country’s natural beauty.

Source: Wikimedia Commons

Other Beautiful Trees Native To Panama

• Ceiba pentandra (Kapok tree): Known for its towering height and massive trunk, the Kapok tree holds spiritual significance in many cultures. It is often found in rainforests and its fiber is used for making pillows, mattresses, and even life jackets.
• Anacardium excelsum (Espavé): This tree species is often found in Central American rainforests and is notable for its complex branching system and its use in traditional medicine.
• Tabebuia guayacan (Guayacán Real): Noted for its stunning yellow flowers, this tree is often a visual highlight in the regions where it grows.
• Dalbergia retusa (Cocobolo): This tree is famous for its dense, orange or reddish-brown heartwood, which is used for making fine furniture and musical instruments.
• Ficus insipida (Wild Rubber Tree): Native to tropical forests, this tree is used for its latex and holds significant economic importance.

What Is The National Flower of Panama?

The national flower of Panama is the “Holy Ghost Orchid” (Peristeria elata). This flower is quite unique, with its central petal resembling a dove—hence the name. The Holy Ghost Orchid is an endangered species, largely due to habitat loss and illegal collection. It holds significant cultural importance and symbolizes peace and freedom in Panamanian culture.

Frequently Asked Questions

Other National Symbols of Panama

• Meet The National Animal of Panama, The Panamanian Golden Frog
• All About Panama’s National Flower: Peristeria elata
• Meet The National Bird of Panama, The Harpy Eagle